Although DNA-based studies are preferred to estimate genetic indicators, they require time and financial resources. A genetic study estimating Ne in five populations, for example, might take one to three years from planning to DNA analysis and cost 10 to 30K USD for supplies and 50 to 200K for personnel. Staff must also have technical training in molecular techniques, population genetics, and bioinformatics. Because of this, most countries still lack population genetic data for most species.
In contrast, data for the Ne 500 and Populations Maintained indicators can be rapidly gathered using existing resources and data (e.g., reports, scientific and citizen science databases, and expert and local knowledge). And the person quantifying the indicators does not need molecular training, although some collaboration with a geneticist would be useful. DNA-based data are not needed (although are useful, if available). Indeed, the genetic indicators were designed to enable the tracking and reporting of genetic information at large scales by all countries, recognizing that in many species DNA has not been analyzed to support conserving genetic diversity for most species.
The three genetic diversity indicators have the following important features (see Hoban et al. 2023a, and Hoban et al. 2023c:
are scientifically valid, based in core conservation and genetic concepts
are affordable and feasible with existing data
require a moderate to low time and resource investment
leverage diverse data and multiple ways of knowing including local knowledge holders
often align with other biodiversity assessments
allow for easy translation into policy and management of species
are applicable and relevant in all countries, taxonomic groups, and ecosystems (and can be disaggregated to these levels).
use concepts that are intuitive or accessible to non-geneticists (e.g. genetic losses due to small populations and loss of populations).
are ‘forward compatible’, meaning they can incorporate new methods that arise
Genetic diversity indicators have multiple practical uses beyond reporting. They can be used to help countries understand and mitigate genetic diversity loss by guiding conservation action, improve allocation of resources, and convey to the public genetic threats facing flagship species. They may also be useful in informing legislation, including legislation directed toward national level species protection. Moreover, the genetic diversity indicators can highlight how local populations provide adaptation and resilience, which can serve to empower local communities and indigenous peoples.
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